جستارنامه ادبیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 13 (پاییز 1399)

From Foucault’s point of view, Power controls all mechanisms of social exchange. The types of power including Discursive, Bio and Disciplinary power (Genealogy) aims to monitor in detail the subject’s behavior. There are also different discourses in the time and periods that create conflict atmosphere and semantic disputes (Archeology). This study aims to understand the origins and creation of discourse power created with existence of the infrastructure, signifiers, and discursive functions and particularly power’s discourse in the two texts (the Lohrasp dynasty and Priam dynasty) through comparative analysis. A descriptive, analytical and comparative research method was adopted in analyzing that from the story of Lohrasp the dominant discourses discovered are religious-political, political and idealized king identities. This was further reinforced in the dominant discourses emerged in the Iliad including gods’ class, religious – political and cultural - national (family) identities. In conclusion religious - political identities emerged through high frequency signifiers namely as destiny and sacred which have an unifying identity and influence on the discourses’ identity of others. Goshtasp and Paris are the most powerful and knowledgeable characters in these dynasties who are not normalized by power and direct others ideas towards their beliefs.

Imagination is one of the most important pillars of the rhetoric system which extends the scope of the poet's imagination and dynamism of the world of poetry. A detailed examination of the image can reveal the scope of the poet's imaginary circle, his/her inner desires and motivations. Image, also, can be a criterion for determining the artistic value of the poet's work and his innovations in the realm of imagination. The image is one of the most significant stylistic features of Indian style, which is connected to social context more than other styles of Persian poetry. Sa'eb Tabrizi is the most prominent poet of this style, whose book of poems is full of imageries originated from social contexts. He has paid special attention to popular language and culture, and has employed common allusions and expressions of his time in order to shape the imaging in his poetry. National and religious teachings have been strongly reflected in the Sa'eb's book of poems. Innovative and brand new poetic images can be recognized in Sa'eb's poetry and his contemporaries which either cannot be seen or can be spotted scarcely in the poems of his predecessors. Focusing on the folkloric treasure of his society, Saeb is one of the best among all Persian poets in terms of theme creation. Applying content analysis, this paper examines the realm of imagination in Sa'eb's poetry in terms of national and religious teachings that the poet employed in his poetic image structure,

Although Persian prose and poetry had not reached to its climax and flourishment in Attar’s era, historically we can call this era the most sensitive time due to the frequency of unpleasant incidents and events. In this era, there were all types of chaos and poverty and unexpected events. No one can claim not to feel disappointment and regret after investigating the incidents happened in this era. Although it seems that Attar was in spiritual and mysticism world and did not pay attention to what was happening around, he had many complaints and unpleasant feelings about events happening. Chaotic political and social incidents during 6th century created a wave of protests in Attar’s thoughts. But since he could not express such protests directly, he has included a series of tortures imposed on oppressed people in the form of satire. Therefore, the present research has used a descriptive-analytic method with the help of evidences from the texts of his works and emphasizing at verbal arts utilized by him such as contradictions, surprises, position collapse, allegory, paradox, symbolism, emblem, and … to investigate about this type of literary trick in poems composed by Attar. Findings showed that content techniques have had a very important role in creating the works of this poet regarding the functions.

Alfred Adler is the founder of individual psychology and one of the first famous critics of the theory of psychoanalysis and the creator of movement in a psychological movement. Adler defines human being as a social creature. Adler’s view of the problem of psychology can be solved by translating the problem of communication between humans. A sense of inferiority and inferiority complex are two popular terms in individual psychology. Adler defines sense of inferiority as a force that has been given to human beings to move towards positive aspects of life. On the other hand, Adler has emphasized that adverse environmental conditions can lead the sense of inferiority to inferiority complex. Adler highlights the concept of false compensation in the realm of psychology, which person uses to balance one’s psyche. This article deals with the psychoanalytic critique of the novel “Sahm-e-Man” by a descriptive-analytical approach. The author refers to the underlying causes of the inferiority complex and the mechanisms of compensation in the main character of the novel “Masoumeh” according to Adler theory of life style. Research findings show that environment is one of the main factors in creating inferiority complex in the main character, which originated from unfavorable environmental conditions of family and dialectical behavior of mother and father with children. Accordingly, inferiority complex has severed in Masoumeh and created various forms of psychological imbalance; therefore, to compensate for her discrete psychic balance, she has made false compensation which has led to many problems in her.

As a literary or genre type, fiction is influenced by different political and social actions based on the content structure. The universal literature, after the World War II, had been placed in the instrumental role for advertising the redevelopment of the escalated societies. The socialist realism is based on the background of socialist community and forces’ description which are making society in the inner side. The realist socialist presents a correct historical image and drawing struggling effects of people’s lives, from the Marxist ideology and revere of anthropology. The present research aims to investigate the literary works of three German and Russian writers such as Anna Seghres, Christa Wolf and Mikhail Sholokhov from the socialist realism and its reflection in their own stories. Although these works are written in roughly different periods of time and have different themes, each one are somehow utilizing this basis in a various way. The results of this research which is conducted in descriptive-analytical and library-based data-mining, show that Michael Sholokhov performs indicating the ideals of communist government and utilizing the socialist realism components compared to the individualism and love notion in “the divided heaven” by Wolf and “The dead are remained young still” by Seghres as more potential

Inthe cognitive system of a poem, some features are based on the essence of the poem, such as the key element of emotion, and some are related to the knowledge of the poem, such as Meter, melody, rhyme, and imagination. The science of prosody is one of the literary sciences that talks about how to create Meter and its types, as well as the special techniques of poetry. The main body of this research consists of a description of the prosodic system in Persian and English languages ​​in which a comparative study of prosody science in Persian and English languages ​​has been studied by library method and case study based on the American school of comparative literature. These two languages ​​are similar in some idiomatic definitions such as Meter, pronouns and fragmentation, and some poetic powers in the pronouns of the two languages ​​can be equated with different names, but in terms of their differences, the subject of pronouns in Persian must be regularly and accurately considered. And its awkwardness in English, the type of weight of the poem in two languages ​​(quantitative Persian extension and continuous multiplicative English), the existence of three short, long and long syllables in Persian and two accented and unstressed syllables in English, especially the difference in the illustrated pattern of these syllables, number He pointed out the branching Meters and the more melodious Persian Meters than the English Meters.